Basic Principles on the Independence Of the Judiciary was adopted by the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders held at Milan from August 26 to September 6, 1985.  In the Charter of the United Nations, the peoples of the world affirm, inter alia, their determination to establish conditions under which justice can be maintained to achieve international co-operation.  It promotes and encourages respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms without any discrimination.  The Universal Declaration of Human Rights emphasizes the principles of equality before the law, of the presumption of innocence and of the right to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law.